Url
	https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/8178
Resource class
	wmi:MusicalInstrument
Title
	Santal flute
Subject
	421.221.12-5
Contributor
	Roger Vetter
Type
	Santal
Format
	18.5 in. length
1.5 in. diameter
1 in. bore diameter
2.5 in. depth of plug
Identifier
	6191
Source
	South Asia
Language
	EN
Coverage
	India
Medium
	bamboo
	metal
	wood
Requires
	one
Spatial Coverage
	Asia
Bibliographic Citation
	Daricha Foundation. 2020. “Tribal Instruments of West Bengal : The Tirio of the Santals.” YouTube video accessed 03/11/2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOrhDqB6fr0

Deva, B. Chaitanya. 1977. “The Santals and Their Musical Instruments,” Jahrbuch für musikalische Volks- u. Völkerkunde 8: 36-46.

Dick, Alistair. 2014. “Tirayu.” GDMI v. 5: 23.

Knight, Roderic. 1988. Review of: Santal Music: A Study in Pattern and Process of Cultural Persistence, by Onkar Prasad. Ethnomusicology 32/1: 154-155.

Marcuse, Sibyl. 1975. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper & Row, Publications.

Musée de la Castre Cannes. 2012. “Détours des Mondes—Arts lointains, Espaces de cultures.” Website accessed 03/02/2022: https://detoursdesmondes.typepad.com/dtours_des_mondes/2012/04/santal-tribal-arts.html

Musée de Philharmonie de Paris. n.d. “Flute with side mouthpiece ‘Tirio’.” Website accessed 03/10/2022: https://collectionsdumusee.philharmoniedeparis.fr/doc/MUSEE/0157447?_ga=2.23063291.1766902807.1646932003-1498100744.1630412569#

Prasad, Onkar. 1985. Santal Music: A Study in Pattern and Process of Cultural Persistence. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications.

Tewari, Laxmi G. 1987. Review of: Santal Music: A Study in Pattern and Process of Cultural Persistence, by Onkar Prasad. Asian Folklore Studies 46/1: 143-146.
Provenance
	vetter collection
Air cavity design for aerophones
	tubular - cylindrical with open distal end
Source and direction of airstream
	player exhalation through mouth into air cavity; unidirectional
Energy transducer that activates sound for aerophones
	beveled edge in wall of instrument, indirectly blown against with aid of duct
Means of modifying shape and dimensions of standing wave in air cavity for aerophones
	opening fingerholes to reduce space or shorten length of standing wave in air cavity
Overblowing utilization in aerophones
	overblowing at consecutive partials
Pitch production in aerophones
	multiple pitches - changing length/shape of standing wave within single cavity with fingerholes
Category of Instrument
	aerophone

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