Url
	https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/7432
Resource class
	wmi:MusicalInstrument
Title
	horagai
Subject
	423.111.2
Contributor
	Roger Vetter
Type
	Japanese
Format
	11.5 in. length 
4.5 width
Source
	East Asia
Coverage
	Japan
Alternative Title
	hora
	gai
	kai
Medium
	shell - conch
	wood
	lacquer
Requires
	one
Is Part Of
	Grinnell College Music Instrument Collection
Spatial Coverage
	Asia
Bibliographic Citation
	de Ferranti, Hugh. 2000. Japanese Musical Instruments. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fukui, Hajime. 1994. “The Hora (Conch Trumpet) of Japan,” Galpin Society Journal 47: 47-62.

Johnson, Henry. 2014. “Horagai [hora, kai].” GDMI v.2: 693.

Haags Gemeentemuseum, and Onno Mensink. 1979. Traditionele muziekinstrumenen van Japan. Den Haag Haags Gemeentemuseum: Buren, In samenwerking met F. Knuf.

Montagu, Jeremy. 2018. The Conch Horn: Shell Trumpets of the World from Prehistory to Today. Hataf Segol Publications. Jeremy Montagu website, accessed August 23, 2019: http://www.jeremymontagu.co.uk/conch.pdf

Schechter, Jon M., and Mervyn MacLean/Michael Cwach. 2014. “Conch horn [conch trumpet, shell trumpet].” GDMI v.1: 676-677.

Yamabushi Ceremony - Ise, Japan. World Turtle Productions, LLC. YouTube video published on Apr 24, 2009: 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iArVJkI__us
Air cavity design for aerophones
	tubular - conical with open distal end
Source and direction of airstream
	player exhalation through mouth into air cavity; unidirectional 
Energy transducer that activates sound for aerophones
	lip reed (player’s lips) placed over open end of tube
Means of modifying shape and dimensions of standing wave in air cavity for aerophones
	none
Overblowing utilization in aerophones
	overblowing at consecutive partials
Pitch production in aerophones
	multiple pitches - selecting partials of a single cavity’s fundamental through overblowing
Category of Instrument
	aerophone

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